Due Diligence Review (DDR) is a process whereby an individual, or an organization, seeks sufficient information about a business entity to reach an informed judgement as to its value for a specific purpose. Dictionary meaning of 'Due' is 'Sufficient' & 'Diligence' is 'Persistent effort or work'.

Offers to purchase an asset are usually dependent on the results of due diligence analysis. This includes reviewing all financial records plus anything else deemed material to the sale. Sellers could also perform a due diligence analysis on the buyer. Items that may be considered are the buyer's ability to purchase, as well as other items that would affect the purchased entity or the seller after the sale has been completed.

Due diligence is a way of preventing unnecessary harm to either party involved in a transaction.

Mergers & Acquisitions are the driving force behind DDR. Due to globalization coupled with variety of other factors, India has entered into an era of mergers and acquisition. Some of the reasons for which a DDR may be carried out are as follows:

1. Potential Acquisition

2. Merger

3. Granting loan for projects

4. Venture Capital investment

DDR is not, by itself, an audit. It is much broader than audit and is business oriented rather than accounting oriented. It should be borne in mind that a DDR requires skills that go beyond conventional audit. An understanding of the business, the pattern and trends in the business line, forecast of the environment and estimation of risk – all these are called for from the firm conducting the Review

It is very much necessary that the scope of DDR is determined in consultation with the client. It is not confined to financial due diligence but extends to operational due diligence, market due diligence, technical due diligence, legal due diligence, systems due diligence, etc. all of which form an integral part of the overall due diligence exercise.

Generally, a comprehensive DDR is undertaken with the following objectives:

1. To assess the commercial and technical feasibility, resource availability of the business and synergy between the organisation (acquirer & target).

2. To ensure the compliance of necessary statutes and ascertain the liability in the event of non-compliance.

3. To finalise the value of the acquisition or a financial investment.

4. Look at tax position/structure and its implications

5. Look for over valued assets or under recorded liabilities, hidden assets or liabilities.

6. Assess the quality of management and identifying key employees of the Target Company.

7. To prepare a post acquisition plan.

8. Look into any other significant matters of interest to the acquirer.

9. Provide value added information about the target's business.

There are several types of due diligence, which are as listed below:

1. Business/Market Due Diligence

2. Technical Due Diligence

3. Human Resource Due Diligence

4. Legal Due Diligence

5. Environment Due Diligence

6. System Due Diligence

7. Tax Due Diligence

8. Financial & Accounting Due Diligence

The approach for DDR will depend upon the nature of the target, scope defined by the client, the structure of the acquisition and the level of the comfort desired. The important principles in designing a proper approach are:

1. Programme shall be developed specifying business purpose of the acquisition, critical goals and objectives, important business units and procedures.

2. Team may consist of individuals with right combination of experience and professionalism suitable to the task.

3. Timetable for completing each step should be framed, documents shall he produced and prepare a framework for following up on open issues.

4. Specific criteria shall be established as to what and how information will be collected and retained.

5. Pragmatic approach should be followed to document conversations, documents received and analysis performed.

Methodology of DDR will depend upon the needs of the client, nature of review and time available. hence, in any DDR, one will have to follow the steps listed below:

1. Understand the needs of the client and decide the scope and objective accordingly;

2. Preparation of list of information to be obtained from the client, which is necessary for carrying out DDR;

3. Periodically hold review meetings with the team to ascertain the status of the DDR and further actions to be taken.

The auditors carrying out DDR is exposed to an inherent risk and has to face financial indemnification of the consequential loss, if any. To mitigate the risk involved, the following should be ensured:

1. Proper understanding of the objective of the assignment before accepting the assignment and deciding the scope.

2. Review of other DDR reports, collect the copy of the same from the client and hold meetings with the other reviewers.

3. Disclose the scope and limitations of the assignment in the DDR Report.

4. Undertaking should be obtained from the management of the target company

As stated earlier, the auditors should take undertakings from the management of the Target Company to avoid risk. The undertaking should normally cover the following:

1. Titles & ownership

2. Various Government consents/licences.

3. Correctness and completeness of all information supplied.

4. Product/service warranties, damages and other claims.

5. Contingent liabilities.

6. Recoverability of all current assets.

7. Registration of Intellectual properties.

8. Employee benefit plans.

9. Litigation/appeals etc.

10. Non-contravention of regulation, loan covenants, contracts terms, etc.